flags

Overview ¶

Package flags provides an extensive command line option parser. The flags package is similar in functionality to the go built-in flag package but provides more options and uses reflection to provide a convenient and succinct way of specifying command line options.

Supported features ¶

The following features are supported in go-flags:

Options with short names (-v)
Options with long names (--verbose)
Options with and without arguments (bool v.s. other type)
Options with optional arguments and default values
Option default values from ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES, including slice and map values
Multiple option groups each containing a set of options
Generate and print well-formatted help message
Passing remaining command line arguments after -- (optional)
Ignoring unknown command line options (optional)
Supports -I/usr/include -I=/usr/include -I /usr/include option argument specification
Supports multiple short options -aux
Supports all primitive go types (string, int{8..64}, uint{8..64}, float)
Supports same option multiple times (can store in slice or last option counts)
Supports maps
Supports function callbacks
Supports namespaces for (nested) option groups

Additional features specific to Windows:

Options with short names (/v)
Options with long names (/verbose)
Windows-style options with arguments use a colon as the delimiter
Modify generated help message with Windows-style / options

Basic usage ¶

The flags package uses structs, reflection and struct field tags to allow users to specify command line options. This results in very simple and concise specification of your application options. For example:

type Options struct {
    Verbose []bool `short:"v" long:"verbose" description:"Show verbose debug information"`
}

This specifies one option with a short name -v and a long name --verbose. When either -v or --verbose is found on the command line, a 'true' value will be appended to the Verbose field. e.g. when specifying -vvv, the resulting value of Verbose will be {[true, true, true]}.

Slice options work exactly the same as primitive type options, except that whenever the option is encountered, a value is appended to the slice.

Map options from string to primitive type are also supported. On the command line, you specify the value for such an option as key:value. For example

type Options struct {
    AuthorInfo string[string] `short:"a"`
}

Then, the AuthorInfo map can be filled with something like -a name:Jesse -a "surname:van den Kieboom".

Finally, for full control over the conversion between command line argument values and options, user defined types can choose to implement the Marshaler and Unmarshaler interfaces.

Available field tags ¶

The following is a list of tags for struct fields supported by go-flags:

short:            the short name of the option (single character)
long:             the long name of the option
required:         whether an option is required to appear on the command
                  line. If a required option is not present, the parser will
                  return ErrRequired (optional)
description:      the description of the option (optional)
long-description: the long description of the option. Currently only
                  displayed in generated man pages (optional)
no-flag:          if non-empty this field is ignored as an option (optional)

optional:       whether an argument of the option is optional (optional)
optional-value: the value of an optional option when the option occurs
                without an argument. This tag can be specified multiple
                times in the case of maps or slices (optional)
default:        the default value of an option. This tag can be specified
                multiple times in the case of slices or maps (optional)
default-mask:   when specified, this value will be displayed in the help
                instead of the actual default value. This is useful
                mostly for hiding otherwise sensitive information from
                showing up in the help. If default-mask takes the special
                value "-", then no default value will be shown at all
                (optional)
env:            the default value of the option is overridden from the
                specified environment variable, if one has been defined.
                (optional)
env-delim:      the 'env' default value from environment is split into
                multiple values with the given delimiter string, use with
                slices and maps (optional)
value-name:     the name of the argument value (to be shown in the help,
                (optional)

base: a base (radix) used to convert strings to integer values, the
      default base is 10 (i.e. decimal) (optional)

ini-name:       the explicit ini option name (optional)
no-ini:         if non-empty this field is ignored as an ini option
                (optional)

group:                when specified on a struct field, makes the struct
                      field a separate group with the given name (optional)
namespace:            when specified on a group struct field, the namespace
                      gets prepended to every option's long name and
                      subgroup's namespace of this group, separated by
                      the parser's namespace delimiter (optional)
command:              when specified on a struct field, makes the struct
                      field a (sub)command with the given name (optional)
subcommands-optional: when specified on a command struct field, makes
                      any subcommands of that command optional (optional)
alias:                when specified on a command struct field, adds the
                      specified name as an alias for the command. Can be
                      be specified multiple times to add more than one
                      alias (optional)
positional-args:      when specified on a field with a struct type,
                      uses the fields of that struct to parse remaining
                      positional command line arguments into (in order
                      of the fields). If a field has a slice type,
                      then all remaining arguments will be added to it.
                      Positional arguments are optional by default,
                      unless the "required" tag is specified together
                      with the "positional-args" tag (optional)

Either the `short:` tag or the `long:` must be specified to make the field eligible as an option.

Option groups ¶

Option groups are a simple way to semantically separate your options. All options in a particular group are shown together in the help under the name of the group. Namespaces can be used to specify option long names more precisely and emphasize the options affiliation to their group.

There are currently three ways to specify option groups.

1. Use NewNamedParser specifying the various option groups.
2. Use AddGroup to add a group to an existing parser.
3. Add a struct field to the top-level options annotated with the group:"group-name" tag.

Commands ¶

The flags package also has basic support for commands. Commands are often used in monolithic applications that support various commands or actions. Take git for example, all of the add, commit, checkout, etc. are called commands. Using commands you can easily separate multiple functions of your application.

There are currently two ways to specify a command.

1. Use AddCommand on an existing parser.
2. Add a struct field to your options struct annotated with the command:"command-name" tag.

The most common, idiomatic way to implement commands is to define a global parser instance and implement each command in a separate file. These command files should define a go init function which calls AddCommand on the global parser.

When parsing ends and there is an active command and that command implements the Commander interface, then its Execute method will be run with the remaining command line arguments.

Command structs can have options which become valid to parse after the command has been specified on the command line. It is currently not valid to specify options from the parent level of the command after the command name has occurred. Thus, given a top-level option "-v" and a command "add":

Valid:   ./app -v add
Invalid: ./app add -v

Completion ¶

go-flags has builtin support to provide bash completion of flags, commands and argument values. To use completion, the binary which uses go-flags can be invoked in a special environment to list completion of the current command line argument. It should be noted that this `executes` your application, and it is up to the user to make sure there are no negative side effects (for example from init functions).

Setting the environment variable `GO_FLAGS_COMPLETION=1` enables completion by replacing the argument parsing routine with the completion routine which outputs completions for the passed arguments. The basic invocation to complete a set of arguments is therefore:

GO_FLAGS_COMPLETION=1 ./completion-example arg1 arg2 arg3

where `completion-example` is the binary, `arg1` and `arg2` are the current arguments, and `arg3` (the last argument) is the argument to be completed. If the GO_FLAGS_COMPLETION is set to "verbose", then descriptions of possible completion items will also be shown, if there are more than 1 completion items.

To use this with bash completion, a simple file can be written which calls the binary which supports go-flags completion:

_completion_example() {
    # All arguments except the first one
    args=("${COMP_WORDS[@]:1:$COMP_CWORD}")

    # Only split on newlines
    local IFS=$'\n'

    # Call completion (note that the first element of COMP_WORDS is
    # the executable itself)
    COMPREPLY=($(GO_FLAGS_COMPLETION=1 ${COMP_WORDS[0]} "${args[@]}"))
    return 0
}

complete -F _completion_example completion-example

Completion requires the parser option PassDoubleDash and is therefore enforced if the environment variable GO_FLAGS_COMPLETION is set.

Customized completion for argument values is supported by implementing the flags.Completer interface for the argument value type. An example of a type which does so is the flags.Filename type, an alias of string allowing simple filename completion. A slice or array argument value whose element type implements flags.Completer will also be completed.

var opts struct {
	// Slice of bool will append 'true' each time the option
	// is encountered (can be set multiple times, like -vvv)
	Verbose []bool `short:"v" long:"verbose" description:"Show verbose debug information"`

	// Example of automatic marshalling to desired type (uint)
	Offset uint `long:"offset" description:"Offset"`

	// Example of a callback, called each time the option is found.
	Call func(string) `short:"c" description:"Call phone number"`

	// Example of a required flag
	Name string `short:"n" long:"name" description:"A name" required:"true"`

	// Example of a value name
	File string `short:"f" long:"file" description:"A file" value-name:"FILE"`

	// Example of a pointer
	Ptr *int `short:"p" description:"A pointer to an integer"`

	// Example of a slice of strings
	StringSlice []string `short:"s" description:"A slice of strings"`

	// Example of a slice of pointers
	PtrSlice []*string `long:"ptrslice" description:"A slice of pointers to string"`

	// Example of a map
	IntMap map[string]int `long:"intmap" description:"A map from string to int"`

	// Example of a filename (useful for completion)
	Filename Filename `long:"filename" description:"A filename"`

	// Example of positional arguments
	Args struct {
		Id   string
		Num  int
		Rest []string
	} `positional-args:"yes" required:"yes"`
}

// Callback which will invoke callto:<argument> to call a number.
// Note that this works just on OS X (and probably only with
// Skype) but it shows the idea.
opts.Call = func(num string) {
	cmd := exec.Command("open", "callto:"+num)
	cmd.Start()
	cmd.Process.Release()
}

// Make some fake arguments to parse.
args := []string{
	"-vv",
	"--offset=5",
	"-n", "Me",
	"-p", "3",
	"-s", "hello",
	"-s", "world",
	"--ptrslice", "hello",
	"--ptrslice", "world",
	"--intmap", "a:1",
	"--intmap", "b:5",
	"--filename", "hello.go",
	"id",
	"10",
	"remaining1",
	"remaining2",
}

// Parse flags from `args'. Note that here we use flags.ParseArgs for
// the sake of making a working example. Normally, you would simply use
// flags.Parse(&opts) which uses os.Args
_, err := ParseArgs(&opts, args)

if err != nil {
	panic(err)
}

fmt.Printf("Verbosity: %v\n", opts.Verbose)
fmt.Printf("Offset: %d\n", opts.Offset)
fmt.Printf("Name: %s\n", opts.Name)
fmt.Printf("Ptr: %d\n", *opts.Ptr)
fmt.Printf("StringSlice: %v\n", opts.StringSlice)
fmt.Printf("PtrSlice: [%v %v]\n", *opts.PtrSlice[0], *opts.PtrSlice[1])
fmt.Printf("IntMap: [a:%v b:%v]\n", opts.IntMap["a"], opts.IntMap["b"])
fmt.Printf("Filename: %v\n", opts.Filename)
fmt.Printf("Args.Id: %s\n", opts.Args.Id)
fmt.Printf("Args.Num: %d\n", opts.Args.Num)
fmt.Printf("Args.Rest: %v\n", opts.Args.Rest)

Output:

Verbosity: [true true]
Offset: 5
Name: Me
Ptr: 3
StringSlice: [hello world]
PtrSlice: [hello world]
IntMap: [a:1 b:5]
Filename: hello.go
Args.Id: id
Args.Num: 10
Args.Rest: [remaining1 remaining2]