ethereum

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Published: Jul 12, 2021 License: GPL-3.0 Imports: 5 Imported by: 0

README

Binance Smart Chain

The goal of Binance Smart Chain is to bring programmability and interoperability to Binance Chain. In order to embrace the existing popular community and advanced technology, it will bring huge benefits by staying compatible with all the existing smart contracts on Ethereum and Ethereum tooling. And to achieve that, the easiest solution is to develop based on go-ethereum fork, as we respect the great work of Ethereum very much.

Binance Smart Chain starts its development based on go-ethereum fork. So you may see many toolings, binaries and also docs are based on Ethereum ones, such as the name “geth”.

API Reference Discord

But from that baseline of EVM compatible, Binance Smart Chain introduces a system of 21 validators with Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus that can support short block time and lower fees. The most bonded validator candidates of staking will become validators and produce blocks. The double-sign detection and other slashing logic guarantee security, stability, and chain finality.

Cross-chain transfer and other communication are possible due to native support of interoperability. Relayers and on-chain contracts are developed to support that. Binance DEX remains a liquid venue of the exchange of assets on both chains. This dual-chain architecture will be ideal for users to take advantage of the fast trading on one side and build their decentralized apps on the other side. The Binance Smart Chain will be:

  • A self-sovereign blockchain: Provides security and safety with elected validators.
  • EVM-compatible: Supports all the existing Ethereum tooling along with faster finality and cheaper transaction fees.
  • Interoperable: Comes with efficient native dual chain communication; Optimized for scaling high-performance dApps that require fast and smooth user experience.
  • Distributed with on-chain governance: Proof of Staked Authority brings in decentralization and community participants. As the native token, BNB will serve as both the gas of smart contract execution and tokens for staking.

More details in White Paper.

Key features

Proof of Staked Authority

Although Proof-of-Work (PoW) has been approved as a practical mechanism to implement a decentralized network, it is not friendly to the environment and also requires a large size of participants to maintain the security.

Proof-of-Authority(PoA) provides some defense to 51% attack, with improved efficiency and tolerance to certain levels of Byzantine players (malicious or hacked). Meanwhile, the PoA protocol is most criticized for being not as decentralized as PoW, as the validators, i.e. the nodes that take turns to produce blocks, have all the authorities and are prone to corruption and security attacks.

Other blockchains, such as EOS and Cosmos both, introduce different types of Deputy Proof of Stake (DPoS) to allow the token holders to vote and elect the validator set. It increases the decentralization and favors community governance.

To combine DPoS and PoA for consensus, Binance Smart Chain implement a novel consensus engine called Parlia that:

  1. Blocks are produced by a limited set of validators.
  2. Validators take turns to produce blocks in a PoA manner, similar to Ethereum's Clique consensus engine.
  3. Validator set are elected in and out based on a staking based governance on Binance Chain.
  4. The validator set change is relayed via a cross-chain communication mechanism.
  5. Parlia consensus engine will interact with a set of system contracts to achieve liveness slash, revenue distributing and validator set renewing func.

Light Client of Binance Chain

To achieve the cross-chain communication from Binance Chain to Binance Smart Chain, need introduce a on-chain light client verification algorithm. It contains two parts:

  1. Stateless Precompiled contracts to do tendermint header verification and Merkle Proof verification.
  2. Stateful solidity contracts to store validator set and trusted appHash.

Native Token

BNB will run on Binance Smart Chain in the same way as ETH runs on Ethereum so that it remains as native token for BSC. This means, BNB will be used to:

  1. pay gas to deploy or invoke Smart Contract on BSC
  2. perform cross-chain operations, such as transfer token assets across Binance Smart Chain and Binance Chain.

Building the source

Many of the below are the same as or similar to go-ethereum.

For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the Installation Instructions.

Building geth requires both a Go (version 1.14 or later) and a C compiler. You can install them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run

make geth

or, to build the full suite of utilities:

make all

Executables

The bsc project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the cmd directory.

Command Description
geth Main Binance Smart Chain client binary. It is the entry point into the BSC network (main-, test- or private net), capable of running as a full node (default), archive node (retaining all historical state) or a light node (retrieving data live). It has the same and more RPC and other interface as go-ethereum and can be used by other processes as a gateway into the BSC network via JSON RPC endpoints exposed on top of HTTP, WebSocket and/or IPC transports. geth --help and the CLI page for command line options.
clef Stand-alone signing tool, which can be used as a backend signer for geth.
devp2p Utilities to interact with nodes on the networking layer, without running a full blockchain.
abigen Source code generator to convert Ethereum contract definitions into easy to use, compile-time type-safe Go packages. It operates on plain Ethereum contract ABIs with expanded functionality if the contract bytecode is also available. However, it also accepts Solidity source files, making development much more streamlined. Please see our Native DApps page for details.
bootnode Stripped down version of our Ethereum client implementation that only takes part in the network node discovery protocol, but does not run any of the higher level application protocols. It can be used as a lightweight bootstrap node to aid in finding peers in private networks.
evm Developer utility version of the EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) that is capable of running bytecode snippets within a configurable environment and execution mode. Its purpose is to allow isolated, fine-grained debugging of EVM opcodes (e.g. evm --code 60ff60ff --debug run).
rlpdump Developer utility tool to convert binary RLP (Recursive Length Prefix) dumps (data encoding used by the Ethereum protocol both network as well as consensus wise) to user-friendlier hierarchical representation (e.g. rlpdump --hex CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263).

Running geth

Going through all the possible command line flags is out of scope here (please consult our CLI Wiki page), but we've enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly on how you can run your own geth instance.

Hardware Requirements

The hardware must meet certain requirements to run a full node.

  • VPS running recent versions of Mac OS X or Linux.
  • 1T of SSD storage for mainnet, 500G of SSD storage for testnet.
  • 8 cores of CPU and 32 gigabytes of memory (RAM) for mainnet.
  • 4 cores of CPU and 8 gigabytes of memory (RAM) for testnet.
  • A broadband Internet connection with upload/download speeds of at least 10 megabyte per second
$ geth console

This command will:

  • Start geth in fast sync mode (default, can be changed with the --syncmode flag), causing it to download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history of the Binance Smart Chain network, which is very CPU intensive.
  • Start up geth's built-in interactive JavaScript console, (via the trailing console subcommand) through which you can interact using web3 methods (note: the web3 version bundled within geth is very old, and not up to date with official docs), as well as geth's own management APIs. This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running geth instance with geth attach.

A Full node on the Rialto test network

Steps:

  1. Download the binary, config and genesis files from release, or compile the binary by make geth.
  2. Init genesis state: ./geth --datadir node init genesis.json.
  3. Start your fullnode: ./geth --config ./config.toml --datadir ./node.
  4. Or start a validator node: ./geth --config ./config.toml --datadir ./node -unlock ${validatorAddr} --mine --allow-insecure-unlock. The ${validatorAddr} is the wallet account address of your running validator node.

Note: The default p2p port is 30311 and the RPC port is 8575 which is different from Ethereum.

More details about running a node and becoming a validator.

Note: Although there are some internal protective measures to prevent transactions from crossing over between the main network and test network, you should make sure to always use separate accounts for play-money and real-money. Unless you manually move accounts, geth will by default correctly separate the two networks and will not make any accounts available between them.

Configuration

As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the geth binary, you can also pass a configuration file via:

$ geth --config /path/to/your_config.toml

To get an idea how the file should look like you can use the dumpconfig subcommand to export your existing configuration:

$ geth --your-favourite-flags dumpconfig

Programmatically interfacing geth nodes

As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with geth and the Binance Smart Chain network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, geth has built-in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs (standard APIs and geth specific APIs). These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).

The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by geth, whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.

HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:

  • --http Enable the HTTP-RPC server
  • --http.addr HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
  • --http.port HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
  • --http.api API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
  • --http.corsdomain Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
  • --ws Enable the WS-RPC server
  • --ws.addr WS-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
  • --ws.port WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
  • --ws.api API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
  • --ws.origins Origins from which to accept websockets requests
  • --ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
  • --ipcapi API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3)
  • --ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)

You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a geth node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak JSON-RPC on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!

Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert BSC nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to subvert locally available APIs!

Contribution

Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!

If you'd like to contribute to bsc, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on our discord channel to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge procedures quick and simple.

Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:

  • Code must adhere to the official Go formatting guidelines (i.e. uses gofmt).
  • Code must be documented adhering to the official Go commentary guidelines.
  • Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the master branch.
  • Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
    • E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"

Please see the Developers' Guide for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and testing procedures.

License

The bsc library (i.e. all code outside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING.LESSER file.

The bsc binaries (i.e. all code inside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING file.

Documentation

Overview

Package ethereum defines interfaces for interacting with Ethereum.

Index

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source
var NotFound = errors.New("not found")

NotFound is returned by API methods if the requested item does not exist.

Functions

This section is empty.

Types

type CallMsg

type CallMsg struct {
	From     common.Address  // the sender of the 'transaction'
	To       *common.Address // the destination contract (nil for contract creation)
	Gas      uint64          // if 0, the call executes with near-infinite gas
	GasPrice *big.Int        // wei <-> gas exchange ratio
	Value    *big.Int        // amount of wei sent along with the call
	Data     []byte          // input data, usually an ABI-encoded contract method invocation

	AccessList types.AccessList // EIP-2930 access list.
}

CallMsg contains parameters for contract calls.

type ChainReader

type ChainReader interface {
	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)
	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
	TransactionCount(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash) (uint, error)
	TransactionInBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash, index uint) (*types.Transaction, error)

	// This method subscribes to notifications about changes of the head block of
	// the canonical chain.
	SubscribeNewHead(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Header) (Subscription, error)
}

ChainReader provides access to the blockchain. The methods in this interface access raw data from either the canonical chain (when requesting by block number) or any blockchain fork that was previously downloaded and processed by the node. The block number argument can be nil to select the latest canonical block. Reading block headers should be preferred over full blocks whenever possible.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type ChainStateReader

type ChainStateReader interface {
	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
	StorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
}

ChainStateReader wraps access to the state trie of the canonical blockchain. Note that implementations of the interface may be unable to return state values for old blocks. In many cases, using CallContract can be preferable to reading raw contract storage.

type ChainSyncReader

type ChainSyncReader interface {
	SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) (*SyncProgress, error)
}

ChainSyncReader wraps access to the node's current sync status. If there's no sync currently running, it returns nil.

type ContractCaller

type ContractCaller interface {
	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
}

A ContractCaller provides contract calls, essentially transactions that are executed by the EVM but not mined into the blockchain. ContractCall is a low-level method to execute such calls. For applications which are structured around specific contracts, the abigen tool provides a nicer, properly typed way to perform calls.

type FilterQuery

type FilterQuery struct {
	BlockHash *common.Hash     // used by eth_getLogs, return logs only from block with this hash
	FromBlock *big.Int         // beginning of the queried range, nil means genesis block
	ToBlock   *big.Int         // end of the range, nil means latest block
	Addresses []common.Address // restricts matches to events created by specific contracts

	// The Topic list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list
	// of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element slice matches any
	// topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the
	// contained topics.
	//
	// Examples:
	// {} or nil          matches any topic list
	// {{A}}              matches topic A in first position
	// {{}, {B}}          matches any topic in first position AND B in second position
	// {{A}, {B}}         matches topic A in first position AND B in second position
	// {{A, B}, {C, D}}   matches topic (A OR B) in first position AND (C OR D) in second position
	Topics [][]common.Hash
}

FilterQuery contains options for contract log filtering.

type GasEstimator

type GasEstimator interface {
	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) (uint64, error)
}

GasEstimator wraps EstimateGas, which tries to estimate the gas needed to execute a specific transaction based on the pending state. There is no guarantee that this is the true gas limit requirement as other transactions may be added or removed by miners, but it should provide a basis for setting a reasonable default.

type GasPricer

type GasPricer interface {
	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
}

GasPricer wraps the gas price oracle, which monitors the blockchain to determine the optimal gas price given current fee market conditions.

type LogFilterer

type LogFilterer interface {
	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery) ([]types.Log, error)
	SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery, ch chan<- types.Log) (Subscription, error)
}

LogFilterer provides access to contract log events using a one-off query or continuous event subscription.

Logs received through a streaming query subscription may have Removed set to true, indicating that the log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.

type PendingContractCaller

type PendingContractCaller interface {
	PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) ([]byte, error)
}

PendingContractCaller can be used to perform calls against the pending state.

type PendingStateEventer

type PendingStateEventer interface {
	SubscribePendingTransactions(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Transaction) (Subscription, error)
}

A PendingStateEventer provides access to real time notifications about changes to the pending state.

type PendingStateReader

type PendingStateReader interface {
	PendingBalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (*big.Int, error)
	PendingStorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) ([]byte, error)
	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
	PendingTransactionCount(ctx context.Context) (uint, error)
}

A PendingStateReader provides access to the pending state, which is the result of all known executable transactions which have not yet been included in the blockchain. It is commonly used to display the result of ’unconfirmed’ actions (e.g. wallet value transfers) initiated by the user. The PendingNonceAt operation is a good way to retrieve the next available transaction nonce for a specific account.

type Subscription

type Subscription interface {
	// Unsubscribe cancels the sending of events to the data channel
	// and closes the error channel.
	Unsubscribe()
	// Err returns the subscription error channel. The error channel receives
	// a value if there is an issue with the subscription (e.g. the network connection
	// delivering the events has been closed). Only one value will ever be sent.
	// The error channel is closed by Unsubscribe.
	Err() <-chan error
}

Subscription represents an event subscription where events are delivered on a data channel.

type SyncProgress

type SyncProgress struct {
	StartingBlock uint64 // Block number where sync began
	CurrentBlock  uint64 // Current block number where sync is at
	HighestBlock  uint64 // Highest alleged block number in the chain
	PulledStates  uint64 // Number of state trie entries already downloaded
	KnownStates   uint64 // Total number of state trie entries known about
}

SyncProgress gives progress indications when the node is synchronising with the Ethereum network.

type TransactionReader

type TransactionReader interface {
	// TransactionByHash checks the pool of pending transactions in addition to the
	// blockchain. The isPending return value indicates whether the transaction has been
	// mined yet. Note that the transaction may not be part of the canonical chain even if
	// it's not pending.
	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
	// TransactionReceipt returns the receipt of a mined transaction. Note that the
	// transaction may not be included in the current canonical chain even if a receipt
	// exists.
	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
}

TransactionReader provides access to past transactions and their receipts. Implementations may impose arbitrary restrictions on the transactions and receipts that can be retrieved. Historic transactions may not be available.

Avoid relying on this interface if possible. Contract logs (through the LogFilterer interface) are more reliable and usually safer in the presence of chain reorganisations.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type TransactionSender

type TransactionSender interface {
	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
}

TransactionSender wraps transaction sending. The SendTransaction method injects a signed transaction into the pending transaction pool for execution. If the transaction was a contract creation, the TransactionReceipt method can be used to retrieve the contract address after the transaction has been mined.

The transaction must be signed and have a valid nonce to be included. Consumers of the API can use package accounts to maintain local private keys and need can retrieve the next available nonce using PendingNonceAt.

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management.
Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management.
abi
Package abi implements the Ethereum ABI (Application Binary Interface).
Package abi implements the Ethereum ABI (Application Binary Interface).
abi/bind
Package bind generates Ethereum contract Go bindings.
Package bind generates Ethereum contract Go bindings.
keystore
Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
usbwallet
Package usbwallet implements support for USB hardware wallets.
Package usbwallet implements support for USB hardware wallets.
usbwallet/trezor
Package trezor contains the wire protocol.
Package trezor contains the wire protocol.
cmd
bootnode
bootnode runs a bootstrap node for the Ethereum Discovery Protocol.
bootnode runs a bootstrap node for the Ethereum Discovery Protocol.
checkpoint-admin
checkpoint-admin is a utility that can be used to query checkpoint information and register stable checkpoints into an oracle contract.
checkpoint-admin is a utility that can be used to query checkpoint information and register stable checkpoints into an oracle contract.
evm
evm executes EVM code snippets.
evm executes EVM code snippets.
faucet
faucet is an Ether faucet backed by a light client.
faucet is an Ether faucet backed by a light client.
geth
geth is the official command-line client for Ethereum.
geth is the official command-line client for Ethereum.
p2psim
p2psim provides a command-line client for a simulation HTTP API.
p2psim provides a command-line client for a simulation HTTP API.
puppeth
puppeth is a command to assemble and maintain private networks.
puppeth is a command to assemble and maintain private networks.
rlpdump
rlpdump is a pretty-printer for RLP data.
rlpdump is a pretty-printer for RLP data.
utils
Package utils contains internal helper functions for go-ethereum commands.
Package utils contains internal helper functions for go-ethereum commands.
Package common contains various helper functions.
Package common contains various helper functions.
bitutil
Package bitutil implements fast bitwise operations.
Package bitutil implements fast bitwise operations.
compiler
Package compiler wraps the Solidity and Vyper compiler executables (solc; vyper).
Package compiler wraps the Solidity and Vyper compiler executables (solc; vyper).
hexutil
Package hexutil implements hex encoding with 0x prefix.
Package hexutil implements hex encoding with 0x prefix.
math
Package math provides integer math utilities.
Package math provides integer math utilities.
mclock
Package mclock is a wrapper for a monotonic clock source
Package mclock is a wrapper for a monotonic clock source
prque
Package prque implements a priority queue data structure supporting arbitrary value types and int64 priorities.
Package prque implements a priority queue data structure supporting arbitrary value types and int64 priorities.
Package consensus implements different Ethereum consensus engines.
Package consensus implements different Ethereum consensus engines.
clique
Package clique implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
Package clique implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
ethash
Package ethash implements the ethash proof-of-work consensus engine.
Package ethash implements the ethash proof-of-work consensus engine.
contracts
checkpointoracle
Package checkpointoracle is a an on-chain light client checkpoint oracle.
Package checkpointoracle is a an on-chain light client checkpoint oracle.
Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
asm
Provides support for dealing with EVM assembly instructions (e.g., disassembling them).
Provides support for dealing with EVM assembly instructions (e.g., disassembling them).
bloombits
Package bloombits implements bloom filtering on batches of data.
Package bloombits implements bloom filtering on batches of data.
forkid
Package forkid implements EIP-2124 (https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2124).
Package forkid implements EIP-2124 (https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2124).
rawdb
Package rawdb contains a collection of low level database accessors.
Package rawdb contains a collection of low level database accessors.
state
Package state provides a caching layer atop the Ethereum state trie.
Package state provides a caching layer atop the Ethereum state trie.
state/snapshot
Package snapshot implements a journalled, dynamic state dump.
Package snapshot implements a journalled, dynamic state dump.
types
Package types contains data types related to Ethereum consensus.
Package types contains data types related to Ethereum consensus.
vm
Package vm implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
Package vm implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
vm/runtime
Package runtime provides a basic execution model for executing EVM code.
Package runtime provides a basic execution model for executing EVM code.
blake2b
Package blake2b implements the BLAKE2b hash algorithm defined by RFC 7693 and the extendable output function (XOF) BLAKE2Xb.
Package blake2b implements the BLAKE2b hash algorithm defined by RFC 7693 and the extendable output function (XOF) BLAKE2Xb.
bn256
Package bn256 implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit Barreto-Naehrig curve.
Package bn256 implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit Barreto-Naehrig curve.
bn256/cloudflare
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group at the 128-bit security level.
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group at the 128-bit security level.
bn256/google
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group.
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group.
secp256k1
Package secp256k1 wraps the bitcoin secp256k1 C library.
Package secp256k1 wraps the bitcoin secp256k1 C library.
eth
Package eth implements the Ethereum protocol.
Package eth implements the Ethereum protocol.
catalyst
Package catalyst implements the temporary eth1/eth2 RPC integration.
Package catalyst implements the temporary eth1/eth2 RPC integration.
downloader
Package downloader contains the manual full chain synchronisation.
Package downloader contains the manual full chain synchronisation.
ethconfig
Package ethconfig contains the configuration of the ETH and LES protocols.
Package ethconfig contains the configuration of the ETH and LES protocols.
fetcher
Package fetcher contains the announcement based header, blocks or transaction synchronisation.
Package fetcher contains the announcement based header, blocks or transaction synchronisation.
filters
Package filters implements an ethereum filtering system for block, transactions and log events.
Package filters implements an ethereum filtering system for block, transactions and log events.
tracers
Package tracers is a collection of JavaScript transaction tracers.
Package tracers is a collection of JavaScript transaction tracers.
tracers/internal/tracers
Package tracers contains the actual JavaScript tracer assets.
Package tracers contains the actual JavaScript tracer assets.
Package ethclient provides a client for the Ethereum RPC API.
Package ethclient provides a client for the Ethereum RPC API.
Package ethdb defines the interfaces for an Ethereum data store.
Package ethdb defines the interfaces for an Ethereum data store.
leveldb
Package leveldb implements the key-value database layer based on LevelDB.
Package leveldb implements the key-value database layer based on LevelDB.
memorydb
Package memorydb implements the key-value database layer based on memory maps.
Package memorydb implements the key-value database layer based on memory maps.
Package ethstats implements the network stats reporting service.
Package ethstats implements the network stats reporting service.
Package event deals with subscriptions to real-time events.
Package event deals with subscriptions to real-time events.
Package graphql provides a GraphQL interface to Ethereum node data.
Package graphql provides a GraphQL interface to Ethereum node data.
internal
debug
Package debug interfaces Go runtime debugging facilities.
Package debug interfaces Go runtime debugging facilities.
ethapi
Package ethapi implements the general Ethereum API functions.
Package ethapi implements the general Ethereum API functions.
guide
Package guide is a small test suite to ensure snippets in the dev guide work.
Package guide is a small test suite to ensure snippets in the dev guide work.
jsre
Package jsre provides execution environment for JavaScript.
Package jsre provides execution environment for JavaScript.
jsre/deps
Code generated by go-bindata.
Code generated by go-bindata.
testlog
Package testlog provides a log handler for unit tests.
Package testlog provides a log handler for unit tests.
utesting
Package utesting provides a standalone replacement for package testing.
Package utesting provides a standalone replacement for package testing.
web3ext
package web3ext contains geth specific web3.js extensions.
package web3ext contains geth specific web3.js extensions.
les
Package les implements the Light Ethereum Subprotocol.
Package les implements the Light Ethereum Subprotocol.
checkpointoracle
Package checkpointoracle is a wrapper of checkpoint oracle contract with additional rules defined.
Package checkpointoracle is a wrapper of checkpoint oracle contract with additional rules defined.
flowcontrol
Package flowcontrol implements a client side flow control mechanism
Package flowcontrol implements a client side flow control mechanism
Package light implements on-demand retrieval capable state and chain objects for the Ethereum Light Client.
Package light implements on-demand retrieval capable state and chain objects for the Ethereum Light Client.
Package log15 provides an opinionated, simple toolkit for best-practice logging that is both human and machine readable.
Package log15 provides an opinionated, simple toolkit for best-practice logging that is both human and machine readable.
Go port of Coda Hale's Metrics library <https://github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics> Coda Hale's original work: <https://github.com/codahale/metrics>
Go port of Coda Hale's Metrics library <https://github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics> Coda Hale's original work: <https://github.com/codahale/metrics>
exp
Hook go-metrics into expvar on any /debug/metrics request, load all vars from the registry into expvar, and execute regular expvar handler
Hook go-metrics into expvar on any /debug/metrics request, load all vars from the registry into expvar, and execute regular expvar handler
prometheus
Package prometheus exposes go-metrics into a Prometheus format.
Package prometheus exposes go-metrics into a Prometheus format.
Package miner implements Ethereum block creation and mining.
Package miner implements Ethereum block creation and mining.
Package geth contains the simplified mobile APIs to go-ethereum.
Package geth contains the simplified mobile APIs to go-ethereum.
Package node sets up multi-protocol Ethereum nodes.
Package node sets up multi-protocol Ethereum nodes.
p2p
Package p2p implements the Ethereum p2p network protocols.
Package p2p implements the Ethereum p2p network protocols.
discover
Package discover implements the Node Discovery Protocol.
Package discover implements the Node Discovery Protocol.
discover/v4wire
Package v4wire implements the Discovery v4 Wire Protocol.
Package v4wire implements the Discovery v4 Wire Protocol.
dnsdisc
Package dnsdisc implements node discovery via DNS (EIP-1459).
Package dnsdisc implements node discovery via DNS (EIP-1459).
enr
Package enr implements Ethereum Node Records as defined in EIP-778.
Package enr implements Ethereum Node Records as defined in EIP-778.
nat
Package nat provides access to common network port mapping protocols.
Package nat provides access to common network port mapping protocols.
netutil
Package netutil contains extensions to the net package.
Package netutil contains extensions to the net package.
rlpx
Package rlpx implements the RLPx transport protocol.
Package rlpx implements the RLPx transport protocol.
simulations
Package simulations simulates p2p networks.
Package simulations simulates p2p networks.
Package rlp implements the RLP serialization format.
Package rlp implements the RLP serialization format.
Package rpc implements bi-directional JSON-RPC 2.0 on multiple transports.
Package rpc implements bi-directional JSON-RPC 2.0 on multiple transports.
signer
fourbyte
Package fourbyte contains the 4byte database.
Package fourbyte contains the 4byte database.
rules/deps
Package deps Code generated by go-bindata.
Package deps Code generated by go-bindata.
Package tests implements execution of Ethereum JSON tests.
Package tests implements execution of Ethereum JSON tests.
Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries.
Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries.

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